有效的写作几乎总是依赖于一个过程，这个过程在某种程度上取决于作者和修辞的情况(一个定时的作文考试), 例如, might allow for fewer significant 修订s; a white paper might require a great deal of 研究).
Upon successful completion of FYW 100/100P/100H, 学生应熟悉以下概念，并在本学期中有机会使用这些概念. 虽然写作过程的要素在这里以一种可能传达时间或线性的方式列出, each concept may be employed at different points in a writing task; repeatedly; or not at all. And each concept loops back to another: 研究 can be an invention strategy, 而编辑可能会导致修改. 最后, 学生反思写作过程和在写作过程中选择修辞的能力, 然后写, 研究, 修改, 或者根据这样的思考进行编辑, 是至关重要的. Responding to such reflections is an integral part of a writer’s process.
发明
定义: 这一阶段通常被称为写作前阶段，通常涉及启发，如头脑风暴, 自由写作, 预写, 映射, 概述, etc. But the label of “预写” suggests that invention is the first task of writing; in reality, students may be called upon to invent and reinvent for a number of reasons.
FYW: 在FYW课程中，学生应提供:
- 探索概念的时间和空间
- 尝试新想法的机会
- opportunities to build on the work and ideas of others
- opportunities to discover areas of inquiry-based on data and 研究
- opportunities to draw on prior knowledge and cultural experiences
研究
定义: 《贝博esball官方网站》是一份综合性文件，旨在定义研究. 为了FYW的目的, we emphasize the introductory nature of the course and the iterative nature of 研究. 研究是一种途径, 评价, and use of information from beyond the writer/author’s personal knowledge. 研究 can inform all stages in a student’s writing process.
FYW: In FYW courses, students should engage in discussion and practice concerning:
- what constitutes a credible source for each student’s project
- how one might evaluate sources for their credibility, usefulness, and accuracy
- how students might search (and re-search) for credible information
- 学生如何在自己的文章(摘要)中可靠地运用他人的观点, 释义, 报价, 插入, etc.)
- 如何进行学科研究, 为了不同目的, 观众, 和流派, 可能会影响一个人的行为, 定位, 利用研究
- 为什么归因和引用很重要, 理解不同的修辞情境需要不同类型和类型的归因和引用
起草及修订
定义: Drafting is the act of writing or creating version(s) of a text. 草稿可以是探索性的, 未完成的, 无光泽的, and unedited; they often are part of the invention process. 修订是审查/重新设想草案以便对草案进行更改的行为, ideally in light of 观众 feedback; writers 修改 in order to better 回复 a 修辞形势 in both content and style. The goal of 修订, in general, is to produce more effective texts.
FYW: In FYW courses, students should be encouraged:
- to draft as many versions of a text as practical in a given semester/session
- to 修改 each draft carefully and deliberately
- to see earlier drafts as often incomplete and messy
- to distinguish between the conventions of a draft and that of a finished text
- 区分修改和编辑
- 征求听众的反馈意见, in a variety of ways: written and verbal comments; peer review sessions; individual and group conferences
- to use feedback to create more effective drafts through 修订
- 从修订到提交草案
校对与编辑
定义: Proofreading is the practice of rereading/reviewing/revisiting a text with an eye towards surface-level clarity; it may require a review of grammar, 力学, 使用, 设计, 和约定. Editing is the practice of making surface-level changes to a text, 通常是对仔细校对的回应.
FYW: In FYW courses, students should be encouraged:
- 把校对和编辑看作是写作过程中的最后一步——校对和编辑不应该干扰发明创造, 起草, 修订, 或研究
- to consider issues of correctness and standardization as social conventions
- to distinguish between global and local issues in writing
- 理解语法问题, 力学, 使用, 设计, and convention are not always about correctness, 而是关于目的, 观众, 和精神
- to see technology as one of several tools writers employ when proofreading and editing
